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阅读课问题的有效设计

浏览100次 时间:2013年10月24日 16:44

王先祥

(潜山县第四中学,安徽  安庆  246300

 

  要:教学活动是教师和学生共同参与的双边活动,在这种活动进程中,师生不仅存在知识的传递,而且还存在着人的感情交流。课堂提问正是师生实现互动、双向交流对话、共同发现、理解知识的重要途径和必备手段,是老师引领学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题、培养思维能力的主要途径。一、问题设计要做到难易适度。二、问题设计要做到数量适中。三、问题设计要兼顾全体学生。四、问题设计要紧循序渐进。

关键词:难易适度;数量适中;兼顾全体;循序渐进

中图分类号:G633    文献标识码:A        文章编号:

 

 

教学活动是教师和学生共同参与的双边活动,在这种活动进程中,师生不仅存在知识的传递,而且还存在着人的感情交流。课堂提问正是师生实现互动、双向交流对话、共同发现、理解知识的重要途径和必备手段,是老师引领学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题、培养思维能力的主要途径。一个好的提问犹如一条纽带,会将师生间的认识和感情紧密联系起来,架起师生双向交流的桥梁,而且能活跃课堂气氛,促进课堂上教与学的和谐发展。《语文新课程标准》中指出阅读是学生个性化的行为,不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅读实践,应让学生在主动积极的思维和情感活动中,加深理解和体验,有所感悟和思考,受到情感熏陶,获得思想启迪,享受审美乐趣。要珍视学生独特的感受、体验和理解。课堂教学中的问题设计在充分尊重学生主体地位的基础上,总会产生意想不到的生成,而教师把握这些生成,就会使课堂变得精彩起来。那么在语文课堂上怎么进行有效提问呢,我认为要从以下几个方面考虑。

一、问题设计要做到难易适度

课堂提问既不能太难,也不能太容易。问题太容易不能激发学生的学习兴趣,浪费了有限的课堂学习时间。“兴趣是最好的老师”, 只有学生对学习的内容感兴趣,才会产生强烈的求知欲望,自动地调动全部感官,积极主动地参与教与学的全过程。而问题太难,又会让学生失去信心,无法保持求知的欲望,从而失去了提问的作用与价值。

二、问题设计要做到数量适中

在新教材教学改革中,以前的“满堂灌”演变成了“满堂问”,有的老师一节课四十五分钟问了九十多个问题。事实上,“满堂问”师生“互动”看似多,其实许多问题是不必要的问题,如“是不是”、“对不对、“好不好”之类,问题缺乏启发性,不能诱发学生深入思考达不到教学目的与效果。问题太多,留给学生思考的时间自然就少了,学生由于思考不充分而回答不准确甚至无法回答,老师必须花更多的时间纠正,进而导致教学任务不能完成。因此严格控制问题的数量,在教学时选择一些繁简得当,难度适中的问题,要符合大多数学生的实际,少提质量粗糙、简单重复、无关紧要的问题。语文课的内容多而杂,要在四十五分钟内让学生理解消化,作为引线作用的提问,就要注意处理好。例如提问“从文题看,本文采用什么写法”,一般学生都会认真阅读,并清楚地表达出来。抓住文题牵一发而动全身,问题明了而思路清晰,由浅入深,有的放矢,学生完全可以顺着课题这一线索,把握整篇文章的内容、主旨以及写作方法,收到预期效果。

三、问题设计要兼顾全体学生

就是说有效的提问必须让每名学生回答问题的次数基本相等。因此我们要根据教学目的、要求来设计不同层次的问题,然后根据问题的难易程度,有目的地选择提问对象.较难的问题要向基础好的学生发问,待学生回答后,再作必要的讲解,以便让基础差的学生也有所收获;较易的问题向基础差的学生发问,让这类基础差的后进生也可以获得成功的喜悦。对全体学生而言,他们都明白将被平等对待,特别是那些害羞的、内向的、不喜欢回答问题的学生也有了锻炼的机会;同时又避免了回答问题成为少数好学生的专利,这样调动全体学生的兴趣,使每一个学生都能得到提高。

四、问题设计要紧循序渐进

建构主义认为课堂教学中提出适当的问题以引起学生的思考和讨论,在讨论中设法把问题一步步引向深入以加深学生对所学内容的理解;要启发诱导学生自己去发现规律、自己去纠正和补充错误的或片面的认识。因此我们在问题的组合和顺序的安排上要相当重视,大致体现一种“提问、回答、提问”的模式,老师用连续提问且层层深入的方式诱导学生深思熟虑,得到更完整更全面的答案,从而让学生充分领悟探究问题的科学思路。

五、变老师提问为学生提问

建构主义认为,知识不是通过教师传授得到,而是学习者在一定的情境即社会文化背景下,借助学习获取知识的过程其他人(包括教师和学习伙伴)的帮助,利用必要的学习资料,通过意义建构的方式而获得。在语文课堂教学中,让学生先了解文本内容,再根据以往的学习经验提出一些疑问并共同解决。在教学鲁迅的《故乡》时,特级教师钱梦龙先生先让全班学生自习并提出了600多个问题。由于问题涉及课文的各个方面,钱梦龙先生把它们分为七类:一般疑问、回乡途中的“我”、闰土、杨二嫂、宏儿和水生、离乡途中的“我”、写景。然后分三个课时围绕这七个主题展开教学,让学生提出问题,再让学生自己来解决问题,老师充当了主持人的角色,学生真正成为学习的主人,课堂气氛活跃,学生学习轻松,教学目标顺利实现。

总之,课堂提问是一种经常使用的教学手段和形式,是教师与学生之间信息的双向交流。加强课堂提问的艺术性十分重要。如果能够在教学中以学生为中心科学地设计并进行课堂提问,强调学生对知识的主动探索和主动发现,就可及时唤起学生的注意,创造积极的课堂气氛,激发学生的学习动机和兴趣,优化课堂结构,从而实现对所学知识意义的主动建构。有效地课堂提问真正发挥教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用,从而展示教师的教学艺术,显示教师的教学魅力。

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

参考文献:

[1]孔凡哲.上好课有效技能[M].东北师范大学出版社.

[2]钱梦龙.钱梦龙与导读艺术[M].北京师范大学出版社.

 

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